End of geography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

End of geography - Assignment Example The disappearance of national barriers that divide the world and the increasing interconnectedness open a wide range of opportunities for the information exchange. In all these processes the language plays one of the most important roles. In this paper, we consider borrowings from English language in the Japanese and also we critically evaluate its impact on society of Japan. In the mosern world the international language is English and in many countries it is considered to be (officially or not) the second language. This phenomenon makes it possible to say that the nations unite in a single society, speaking the same language. Does this mean that we are witnessing "the end of geography"? The aim of this paper is to critically evaluate the proposition that globalization is leading to the end of geography using the example of Japanese language and the English borrowings in it. During the work over this paper we analyze and evaluate that the phenomenon of the ‘end of geography’ is not so vivid and the boundaries between countries are slightly blurred but not completely washed away, so geography remains vital to its study. Ulrich Beck, the research worker who studies globalization, argues that: "Globalization affects mainly the social micro-level, structured on the genesis of certain forms of cultural, socio-cultural systems and the genesis of ethnic and cultural systems." (Beck, 1999) The most successful model developed in relation to globalization, belongs to Japan. Throughout most of its history, Japan has shaped their culture on the basis of borrowing religious doctrines of Buddhism, Confucian ethical and religious system, arts and crafts from China, however, since the Meiji Restoration, the country has become, so to say, westernized very rapidly. The peak of this Westernization of Japan accounts for the years of American military

Improved Management Decision Making Essay Example for Free

Improved Management Decision Making Essay Managers at all levels of a business are required to make decisions constantly. Whether it be at an often low risk operational level, or at high importance strategic level, precise analysis is essential, failure on doing so could end in disaster in businesss unforgiving world. Evidence of this can be seen in the strategic level of Dell management in 2004. A poor decision to enter the market with their DJ.Ditty MP3 player, Dell failed to address any strong marketing campaign along with failure to analyse stronger substitute products concluded in Dell discontinuing the product two years later in 2006. The decision made in the development of the product were likewise poor as rival companies such as Apple and Zens product features far overpowered Dells weak product. (Laubacher 2011). Simple research into Information Systems tells us they are able to display information that can lead us to answer questions we are often queried with. But often management decisions are not just simple rhetorical answers but strategic procedures that will aid the business in specific ways. In this essay I will assess the different methods of how IT based systems through the means of Information systems can aid management decisions or, if they do at all. (C.Lucas 1994)In his book information systems concepts for management, defines an IS as a set of organised procedures, that when executed, provides information to support organisation. The information is a tangible or intangible entity that serves to reduce uncertainty about some state or event. (Oz, Jones and Gowthorpe 2009) Back this definition up stating an IS system is a computer based set of hardware, software and telecommunications components, supported by people and procedures to process data and turn it into useful information. The information system can then be divided up into different subsystems with varying goals that help gear towards the organisations main goal. It is clear that ISs are significant in the day to day operation of a business. The fact that ISs can answer question is indisputable, but the process in which they answer them and the form of answers they give can be debated. Synergy defines the combined resource output exceeding the total output of the same resources if they were employed separately (Oz, Jones and Gowthorpe 2009). This theory can be stretched as far as the four stages of processing that an information system goes through. Input is the first stage of this process which is entered by the human. The next three stages include the processing of the IS system, these include changing and manipulating the data, extracting the information out of the information system and finally storing the information that the IS system has administered. This is a great example of synergy, the IS system calculates the data at a quicker and cheaper cost than if a human were to do it, but the IS system first needs input from an event or scenario from a human, this evidence of synergy. (C.Luckem 2002) Theory on complex event processing relates to this very well. He defines each business action (be this internal with staffing decisions or external with customers through sales) taking several stages of events to reach a final state and in todays technological driven domain ISs play a very Important role in each of these states. He relates to the use of ISs gathering and storing of data, sharing of information and the ability of systems to automate and often control components playing a vital part of CEP. ISs that relate to CEP are systems such as Supply Chain Management, according to (B.Handfield and L.Nichols 1999) Is a set of approaches utilized to efficiently integrate suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, and stores, so that merchandise is produced (often by computer aided design) and distributed at the right quantities, to the right locations, and at the right time, in order to minimize system wide costs while satisfying service level requirements It is easy to see how this can be related to management decision making, at each stage of a process with the use of SCM managers can stop the process and analyse production rates, therefore using IS systems to make a decision, which In the case of SCM means utilising every process so that wastage is at a minimum and costs remain low throughout production . Luckem further expresses that the use of IS systems in CEP does not function with remotely one source but needs both the Human and IS system to work collectively for any form of process to work accordingly. Although(Bider 2010) argues the reliability of information processed by ISs. He states that human error can often be the cause of incorrect data. This is not uncommon; often as information is filtered through the information map from department to department human error can cause faults. So an argument could be formed that managers can often put great analysis into ISs, but decisions can be made using the wrong output from the system. In relation to the four stages of processing, this output can then be stored incorrectly meaning any future decisions based on this first problem will not aid the answer process as the information will be incorrect. There are other types of systems that can significantly aid decision making DSSs or Decision Support Systems are systems that aid making decisions through the use of built in models. (Turban 1995) Defines it as an interactive, flexible, and adaptable computer-based information system, especially developed for supporting the solution of a non-structured management problem for improved decision making. It utilizes data, provides an easy-to-use interface, and allows for the decision maker’s own insights. DSSs are comprised of three modules data management, model management and dialog management or in profit terms (actual prior, possible sales, possible revenue, and possible profit). Using these modules DSSs helps find an ideal course of action, able to analyse and finally answer questions that are often asked upon humans, What if or How will this action impact revenue are example. DSSs are able to process raw data, and draw comparisons to generate information to aid a business decision. Although (Jensen, B.Lowry and Jeffery 2011) argue that the now more wide spread use of Decision Support Systems due to the increase in technology used in business today should not replace the decision making of a human. They argue that although It is often difficult for people to assess credibility correctly in face-to-face interactions but argue the use of DSSs cannot be used as an absolute decision making process The capability of face-to-face interactions is critical to effective communication and decision making. Their views can be seen as somewhat old fashioned when relating to decision making. Similar to DSSs are Strategic information systems. The root of this system is based upon Michael E. porters Concept of competitive advantage. This concept analyses the strategic steps a business undergoes to gain an advantage over its competitors. According to (E.Porter 1998), SIS works by enhancing opportunities through analysing competitors, recording seller patterns, identifying potential substitute products and finally retrieving information on keeping a healthy share in the businesss market. All of these should aid a business to create a competitive advantage through the means of SISs. The storing of data and analysis of this data is what managers will use to make decisions. In both the DSSs and SISs the analysis will often plan out a possible route in which the business may take to achieve its aims. It is then up to management to take these recommendations on board through adopting the ideas or not. IS used in the hierachary of a business are important to assess, at an operational level Systems used will be Transactional Process systems are Electronic point of sale, both of these systems allow managers to analyse structured data and draw conclusions for themselves, examples of this maybe the management of stock ordering to improve on wastage, or assessing what product sells at an appropriate time. These systems can then be assessed by the tactical level that may use the means of DSSs to assess new pricing strategies to adapt to the operational level through the help of DSSs but on the evidence of data outputted by TPSs or EPOS. The next and final stage will be the use of the systems at a strategic level. Strategic level will use DSSs and Executive information systems (similar to DSSs but often seen as more precise and concentrated form of system) along with unstructured data which occurs through the means of meetings, conversations and emails .Furthermore strategic level generally have access to IS of all subordinates ISs to help make decisions as well as ISs linked together with external commercial services, such as the latest stock prices and general business news are also common. It is clear that ISs aid management decisions, but in context of this it is important to assess the characteristics of the managers, as well of the management styles. For example managers that adopt an autocratic style of management will be less interested in staff well-being which may affect their reaction to support they receive through IS systems, meaning they may adopt any plans a DSS comes up with whether or not it has a negative effect on staff. Democratic style managers may rely heavily on the data produced from systems of their subordinate. When assessing the improvement of decision making through the means of ISs, I feel it is important to assess manager characteristics, it is clear that there are systems that aid the decision making process but as (Bider 2010) stated there can be human error caused through the input of a system which may lead to poor decision making. I feel steady analysis through each stage of the input process will allow data to be used correctly, therefore being pivotal in decision making process and consequently improving them. Bibliography B.HANDFIELD, Robert and L.NICHOLS, Ernest (1999). Introduction to Supply Chain Management. vol.1. 1st ed., Prentice Hall. Business Using IS , BIDER, IIia (2010). Enterprise, Business-Process and Information Systems Modeling. vol.50. 1st ed., Queensland, Springer. 364213050X. C.LUCAS, Henry (1994). Information systems concepts for management. 5 ed., indiana, Mitchell McGraw-Hill. 11. C.LUCKEM, David (2002). The Power of Events: An Introduction to Complex Event Processing in Distributed Enterprise Systems. 1 ed., Addison wesly. 1. E.PORTER, Michael (1998). Competitive advantage: creating and sustaining superior performance : with a new introduction. Havard, Simon and Schuster. JENSEN, Matthew, B.LOWRY, Paul and JEFFERY, Jenkins (2011). Effects of Automated and Participative Decision Support in Computer-Aided Credibility Assessment. Journal of management information syetems, 28 (1), 201-233. LAUBACHER, Robert (2011). Managing Corporate Reputation in the Blogosphere: The Case of Dell Com puter. Corporate Reputation Review, 14 (2), 133-144. OZ, JONES and GOWTHORPE (2009). Finacial and Management Informatoin. vol.2. London, Cengage Learning. TURBAN, Efriam (1995). Decision support, And what they do? In: Decision support and expert systems : management support systems. Englewood cliffs, Prentice Hall, p.576.

Speech :: essays research papers

SMIC is extraordinary in many ways. The only school that comes to my mind that actually has a river running through it! The lunches are controversial. School is a just as much a learning experience for the teachers as apposed to the students, and things getting done three weeks, let alone three months, after promised deadlines are commemorated. All these exclusive factors make SMIC a memorable and (if you don’t mind me saying) quite exquisite. The thing that I love the most about SMIC is that colorful after school life that waits for me every school day after I am dismissed. SMIC has a great number of things to do after school mainly because of the early ending of school. Many schools end at a prolonged 3:55 pm, leaving students who live far from the school with nominal amounts of spare time to do things that they want or need to do, for usually it’s a long bus ride home and another day squandered. However SMIC frees the students an hour earlier than any school in Shanghai, combined with an absence of a long-commute-home, really just paves the way for an awesome afternoon ahead. The possibilities are endless. Activities range from curricular to extracurricular to the absolutely non-curricular. Those of you that are feeling the pressures of college surely feel that upcoming SAT breathing down you neck right? Have no fear. SMIC offers after school SAT prep classes for all that want to get into there dream schools. The SAT classes aren’t the only way you can enhance and improve your knowledge! Teachers are on stand by and because all the teachers in SMIC are just fabulous, are willing to assists you in any troubles you come across in your studies. Teachers will stay for hours on end for you if you have not a clue how to prove the Pythagorim theorem, or if you have a piece from the Iliad that absolutely makes no sense to you. There are lots of clubs and extracurricular after school for the students to get involved in. The community service club is an awesome example of what kind of opportunities SMIC offers its students. The students give back to the society that is desperately in need of these kid’s contributions. Cooking club is out there with the cause. They provide the food and drink to the kids. What would we do with out them? Think about it. Speech :: essays research papers SMIC is extraordinary in many ways. The only school that comes to my mind that actually has a river running through it! The lunches are controversial. School is a just as much a learning experience for the teachers as apposed to the students, and things getting done three weeks, let alone three months, after promised deadlines are commemorated. All these exclusive factors make SMIC a memorable and (if you don’t mind me saying) quite exquisite. The thing that I love the most about SMIC is that colorful after school life that waits for me every school day after I am dismissed. SMIC has a great number of things to do after school mainly because of the early ending of school. Many schools end at a prolonged 3:55 pm, leaving students who live far from the school with nominal amounts of spare time to do things that they want or need to do, for usually it’s a long bus ride home and another day squandered. However SMIC frees the students an hour earlier than any school in Shanghai, combined with an absence of a long-commute-home, really just paves the way for an awesome afternoon ahead. The possibilities are endless. Activities range from curricular to extracurricular to the absolutely non-curricular. Those of you that are feeling the pressures of college surely feel that upcoming SAT breathing down you neck right? Have no fear. SMIC offers after school SAT prep classes for all that want to get into there dream schools. The SAT classes aren’t the only way you can enhance and improve your knowledge! Teachers are on stand by and because all the teachers in SMIC are just fabulous, are willing to assists you in any troubles you come across in your studies. Teachers will stay for hours on end for you if you have not a clue how to prove the Pythagorim theorem, or if you have a piece from the Iliad that absolutely makes no sense to you. There are lots of clubs and extracurricular after school for the students to get involved in. The community service club is an awesome example of what kind of opportunities SMIC offers its students. The students give back to the society that is desperately in need of these kid’s contributions. Cooking club is out there with the cause. They provide the food and drink to the kids. What would we do with out them? Think about it.

Same-Sex Marriages :: social issues

Same-Sex Marriages Same-Sex Marriages (Should it be allowed? Should it involve children?) â€Å"If a man lies with a man as one lies with a woman, both of them have done what is detestable. They must be put to death; their blood will be on their heads.†- Leviticus 20:13. â€Å"Do you not know that the wicked will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived: ......homosexual offenders.....will not inherit the kingdom of God.†- 1 Corinthians 6:9-10. â€Å"Do not lie with a man as one lies with a woman; that is detestable.†-Leviticus 18:22. According to the Bible same-sex marriages would be immoral and sinful. Being gay and loving another person is certainly not illegal, but uniting that couple in marriage is not only rejected by most of society but also by Judaism, Christianity and Islam. As a Christian I find same-sex marriages unacceptable, but I know that not all people believe in the Bible and we do have freedom of religion in the US . Courts in Hawaii would not allow same -sex marriages and that is now being looked at as unconstitutional. Not allowing the marriages discriminates against certain groups that are United States citizens and that is unconstitutional. Even though I don’t approve of same-sex marriages, according to our laws there is really no reason why the marriages shouldn’t take place. But I do think there should be limitations. Marriages of the same-sex should not involve children. There is no natural way that two people of the same-sex could possibly have children of their own and should not be given custody of a child or the ability to adopted a child. Governor Wilson, California republican is proposing to ban â€Å"Second-parent adoptions, which in the past have been approved. These regulations would require marital status to be given to the Department of Social Services. I don't believe that gay parents will cause such a child to be gay. But all things being equal, I do believe that child is being deprived of crucial, necessary two-sex ingredients essential in parenting. That it takes a man and a woman to produce that third person is the most basic proof that a child needs both a mommy and a daddy. Children who have parents of the same-sex would be unbearable harassed by other children and considered an outcast. An innocent child put in a situation that would be emotionally stressful for most of their youth-there is no need. Same-Sex Marriages :: social issues Same-Sex Marriages Same-Sex Marriages (Should it be allowed? Should it involve children?) â€Å"If a man lies with a man as one lies with a woman, both of them have done what is detestable. They must be put to death; their blood will be on their heads.†- Leviticus 20:13. â€Å"Do you not know that the wicked will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived: ......homosexual offenders.....will not inherit the kingdom of God.†- 1 Corinthians 6:9-10. â€Å"Do not lie with a man as one lies with a woman; that is detestable.†-Leviticus 18:22. According to the Bible same-sex marriages would be immoral and sinful. Being gay and loving another person is certainly not illegal, but uniting that couple in marriage is not only rejected by most of society but also by Judaism, Christianity and Islam. As a Christian I find same-sex marriages unacceptable, but I know that not all people believe in the Bible and we do have freedom of religion in the US . Courts in Hawaii would not allow same -sex marriages and that is now being looked at as unconstitutional. Not allowing the marriages discriminates against certain groups that are United States citizens and that is unconstitutional. Even though I don’t approve of same-sex marriages, according to our laws there is really no reason why the marriages shouldn’t take place. But I do think there should be limitations. Marriages of the same-sex should not involve children. There is no natural way that two people of the same-sex could possibly have children of their own and should not be given custody of a child or the ability to adopted a child. Governor Wilson, California republican is proposing to ban â€Å"Second-parent adoptions, which in the past have been approved. These regulations would require marital status to be given to the Department of Social Services. I don't believe that gay parents will cause such a child to be gay. But all things being equal, I do believe that child is being deprived of crucial, necessary two-sex ingredients essential in parenting. That it takes a man and a woman to produce that third person is the most basic proof that a child needs both a mommy and a daddy. Children who have parents of the same-sex would be unbearable harassed by other children and considered an outcast. An innocent child put in a situation that would be emotionally stressful for most of their youth-there is no need.

Cyp 3.1 Support Children and Young People’s Health and Safety

1. 1 There are many different factors to take into account when planning healthy and safe indoor and outdoor environments and services. The factors to take into account when planning indoor healthy and safe environments and services include: Floor area: The floors should be even and easily cleaned and free of clutter and debris that could cause a trip or fall. All mats etc should have gripper underneath so as not to cause a fall. Lighting and air condition: There should be there should be sufficient lighting and air circulation, for eg: on a hot day windows should be opened. Secure hazards around the area in question: Making sure all hazards in the environment are correctly taken care of for eg: depending on child age plug sockets should have covers and stairs have safety gates, all hazardous products and substances are correctly labelled and stored away from reach, medication locked in a secure location. Emergency planning: Making sure that all escape routes are known and instructions are clear and fire exits are not blocked. That fire extinguishers are all clearly labelled. Telephone numbers are to hand if necessary. The factors to take into account when planning outdoor healthy and safe environments and services include: Gaining consent: Written consent for a child/young person to attend the planned event. Individual needs: Evaluating each individual needs for eg a wheelchair user might have difficulty on sand, deaf and hard of hearing individuals would have difficulty at the cinema. If an individual has incontinence needs. Medication users and nutritional needs also have to be assessed and taken into account. Environmental issues: Take into account the weather, if the weather is due to be hot sun cream, hats and water would need to be taken. On cold wet and windy days coats, waterproof clothing and shoes would need to be taken. Emergency planning: Taking along a first aid kit and emergency numbers of contacts and general practitioner. CYP 3. 1 Support children and young people’s health and safety 1. 2 Health and safety is extremely important in the work place. To be able to monitor and maintain a health and safety programme within the workplace a programme of safety issues and checklist need to be negotiated. The negotiated terms and plans put in place are extremely essential to efficiently monitor and maintain health and safety. For worker to then enforce this programme training must take place. It is during the training process that workers will be made aware of and risks and hazards and encouraged to work safely having been shown the safe practices. This training of the practices of health and safety will encourage and ensure that this programme of safety measures are correctly practiced. To ensure this process the programme will need to be monitored. To make sure that the programme is maintained especially to a high standard regular inspection must take place alongside refresher training and testing. Once all workers have been trained in the practice of health and safety there needs to be encouragement given and regular information or practice updates. Daily handover or pre-shift meetings could be used to give information or weekly meetings. A safety tip board could be used; promotions could be used to encourage workers to practice safe work practices. CYP 3. 1 Support children and young people’s health and safety 3. 3 An example from my own practice of risk management whilst supporting children or young people would be whilst preparing a meal with the individuals. Firstly a check would be made to ensure that the individual is able to participate in the activity. Once this was established checks would be made to ensure that there are no food allergies. Basic Hygienic rules of the kitchen would be used such as, hand washing, preparing the area to be used. Whilst cooking especially whilst using Sharpe instruments such as knives care and attention would be practiced and correct chopping boards used for different foods. All pans being used on the hob would be placed with the handle to the rear of the oven to ensure that they could not be knocked over, and safety measures such as making sure oven gloves were used to handle any hot items such as pan handles and oven trays. To ensure that the food was correctly cooked, recipe cards or books etc would be strictly adhered to. Food would be checked to ensure correctly cooked for eg: using food thermometer. If the food was not to be eaten straight away correct measures would be used to store it, especially in the refrigerator. The kitchen would be cleaned and inspected after the event. CYP 3. 1 Support children and young people’s health and safety 4. 1 Accidents Any accident’s that occur should be logged in the accident book and all details filled in i. e. the person or persons in volved in the accident, any injury to the person involved, where the accident took place and the time the accident took place. Any medical attention if needed should also be logged in the book. It is also essential to contact the parents or guardians of the person or persons involved in the accident to be contacted, as well as your supervisor. Incidents In the case of incidents for example if a child or young person gets lost or runs away you should immediately contact the police. You would need to give a full description of the child or young person and what clothing they were wearing and any medication they may be taking at that time. You would also need to inform their social worker and parents of the incident. Emergencies In the case of an emergency such as a fire you should sound the fire alarm and exit the building by the nearest fire exit and make your way clear of the building and contact the fire emergency services immediately. You should only tackle the fire yourself if you feel competent in doing so. Illness In the event of a child or young person becoming ill you should phone for medical advice making shore u let them know of any medication the child or young person may be taking at that time. Also contact the parents and your supervisor to let them know what is happening and when you get back to your work place record what has happed in the log book. CYP 3. 1 Support children and young people’s health and safety 4. 2 Recordings All recordings of accidents, incidents, signs of illness and other emergencies should be logged in the accident book and your supervisor should be notified. Reporting You should report all accidents, incidents, injuries and signs of illness to your employer and depending on the accident, incident, injury and signs of illness seek the correct medical advice.

Cost of Quality Essays

Cost of Quality Essays Cost of Quality Essay Cost of Quality Essay Chapter: 1 1. Background 1. 1 Background: Many companies that embark on a quality-improvement process have no idea of the potential for savings until they begin to accurately analyze the costs of (non)quality. They may estimate quality costs at about 5 percent of sales, scoff at those who remark that they may be as high as 10 percent, and are astounded when they find the costs at a level of 20 percent (or more) of sales. This number is not as uncommon as it may seem. The main aim of this term paper is to find out what cost of quality is its calcification estimation of optimum level of product’s quality and finally how to prepare a quality cost report. 1. 2 Purpose: The purpose of our report is to understand what cost of quality is how we classify and report cost and how we can achieve the economic conformance level  and finally find out about what Total Quality Management is and how we can achieve that. 1. 3 Objective of the study: The objectives of this study are- To fulfill the partial requirement of the course under the guidance of the coordinator. Find out the importance and benefits of cost of quality What are the types of cost of quality? To find out how to improve in cost of quality. To find out how to distribute cost of quality. How to prepare cost of quality report? Uses and limitation of quality cost information Finally how to minimize cost of quality. 1. 4 Methodology of the study: We are five members in our group. Information used to prepare this paper has been collected from the Secondary source. The secondary sources of information were collected from the internets and the course related books. . 5 Limitation of the study: We encountered some problems in the process of gathering information and data for this study. Like- Lack of information about cost of quality Limitation of time was another factor Chapter: 2 2. Introduction 2. 1 Introduction: The word quality is used more and more often in companies, whether in the food, industrial or services sectors, and the IT sector. In this report, the term company independently refers to any company, organization or association in the public or private sector. In the same way, the term client must be taken generally to mean beneficiary and the term product the provision of a material or immaterial (service) deliverable. Many concepts hide behind the term quality. This report aims to define the main terms and understand the goals and types of implementing a quality cost. 2. 2 Cost of Quality The concept of quality costs is a means to quantify the total cost of quality-related efforts and deficiencies The total costs incurred on quality activities and issues and often split into prevention costs, appraisal costs, internal failure costs and external failure costs. . 3 Importance of Cost of Quality In these difficult times, many businesses have cut production and workforce to control costs. But what about quality? Customers still demand a quality product at a reasonable price. In this sense we can say that in our real life quality cost minimization and in which way quality cost can be improve that is the importance of quality cost. Cost of Qua lity (COQ) can be used to identify the global optimum for a process, and monitor that process progress towards its global optimum. Global optimum is defined as the best possible outcome from all physically possible operating modes. 2. 4 Uses and benefits of Quality cost information: The benefits, which result from the quality management can be divided on three areas: Benefits for worker The definite standard of working, Interchangeable assigned the responsibilities and authorization, Making clear for workers their place in the whole work of organization, The clear qualification of indispensable supplies to the realization of work as well as the bright defining of the expected effects. Benefits for management The support for planning of expenses (the possibility of foreseeing), the organizational changes, restructurization, The easiness in implementation and the confirmation of definite standard of offered services, The growth of credibility of firm for investor, customer, The improvement of the information circulation in a firm, The establishment of the uniform principles of functioning inside the firm. Benefits for surroundings The reliable proof of born expenses, growth of credibility for the local community and owner (of the founder’s organ), The possibility of co-operation and exchange of experiences in the range of the efficient management with similar units – the benchmarking, The strengthener of building the image of the professional firm and friendly for the customer, Raising the attractiveness for potential investors. Chapter: 3 3. Types of Quality cost 3. 1 Types of Quality cost: Quality costs  can be broken down into two broad groups. These two groups are known as- 1. Maintenance of quality 2. Non-Maintenance of quality These two groups also can be broken into two more groups like- Maintenance of quality 1. prevention costs 2. appraisal costs Non-Maintenance of quality 1. internal failure costs 2. External Failure Cost Cost area |Description |Examples | |Costs of control (Costs of |Prevention costs |Costs associated with personnel engaged in |Quality planning | |Maintenance) | |designing, implementing and maintaining the |Statistical process control | | | |quality system. The latter includes auditing the |Investment in quality-related | | | |system. information systems | | | | |Quality training and workforce | | | | |development | | | | |Product-design verification | | | | |Systems development and management | | |Appraisal costs |Costs associated with measuring, evaluating or |Test and inspe ction of purchased | | | |auditing products, components and purchased |materials | | | |materials to assure |Acceptance testing | | | |conformance with quality standards and performance|Inspection | | | |requirements |Testing | | | | |Checking abor | | | | |Setup for test or inspection | | | | |Test and inspection equipment | | | | |Quality audits | | | | |Field testing | |Costs of failure of control |Internal failure |Costs associated with defective |Scrap | |(Costs of Non- Maintenance) |costs |products, components and materials that fail to |Rework | | | |meet quality |Material procurement costs | | | |requirements and cause manufacturing losses | | | |External failure |Costs generated by defective |Complaints in warranty | | |costs |products being shipped to customers. Complaints out of warranty | | | | |Product service | | | | |Product liability | | | | |Product recall | | | | |Loss of reputation | Chapter: 4 4. Quality of conformance 4. 1 Quality of conformance: Quality of conf ormance is the degree to which the design specifications are followed during manufacturing. Again, the greater the degree of conformance, the higher the level of quality of conformance. The quality cost conformance odel provides an example of a constrained optimization approach. In this model the  economic conformance level  (ECL) is obtained where prevention and appraisal costs are equal to external and internal failure costs. Prevention and appraisal costs increase as the level of conformance quality increases. Therefore, the total costs associated with conformance quality will be U-shaped as indicated in the exhibit below. [pic] 4. 2 How to Distribute Quality Costs: A companys total quality cost is likely to be very high unless management gives this area special attention. Experts say that these costs should be more in 2% to 4% range. How a company does reduce its total  quality cost? The answer lies in how the quality costs are distributed A high quality of conformance means that a product is free of defects and a low quality of conformance means that a product has defects. When the quality of conformance is low, total quality cost is high and most of this cost consists of cost of internal and external failure. A low quality of conformance means that a high percentage of units are defective and hence the company must incur high failure costs. However, as a company spends more and more on prevention and appraisal activities, the percentage of defective unit’s drops. This results in lower costs of internal and external failure costs. Thus, a company can reduce its total quality cost by Focusing its efforts on prevention and appraisal. The cost savings from reduced defects usually swamp the costs of the additional prevention and appraisal efforts. Chapter: 5 5. Quality cost report 5. 1 Quality cost report A quality cost report details the prevention costs, appraisal costs, and internal failure cost and external failure cost that arise from companys current level of defective products or services. Companies often construct a quality cost report that provides an estimate of the financial consequences of the companys current level of defects. A simple quality cost report is shown in the following example: Example of Quality Cost Report Ventura Company Quality Cost Report For the Year1 2    |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Year 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Year 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   | |Prevention Cost | | | |Appraisal Costs | | | |Internal Failure Costs | | | |External Failure Costs | | | |Total Quality Cost | | | | |Amount |Percent |Amount |Percent | | |1,000,000 |2. 00% |650,000 |1. 0% | | |1,500,000 |3. 00% |1,200,000 |2. 40% | | |3,000,000 |6. 00% |2,000,000 |4. 00% | | |2,000,000 |4. 00% |5,150,000 |10. 30% | | | | |- | | | |7,500,000 |15. 00% |9,000,000 |18. 0% | | |====== |===== |====== |===== | Prevention cost increased by (1,000,000  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 650,000) = 350,000 Appraisal cost increased by (1,500,000  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 1,200,000) = 300,000 Internal Failure cost (3,000,000  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 2,000,000) = 1,000,000 Total Increase = 1,650,000 External failure cost decreased by = 3,150,000 Net Quality Cost Benefit = 3,150,000  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 1,650,000 = 1,500,000 Several things should be noted from the data in the quality cost report. First, note that the quality costs are poorly distributed in both years, with most of costs being traceable to either internal or external failure. The external failure costs are particularly high in year 1 in comparison to other costs. Second note that the company increased its spending on prevention and appraisal activities in year 2. As a result, internal failure costs went up in that year (from $2 million in first year to $3 million in year 2), but external failure costs dropped sharply (from $5. 15 million in year 1 to $3 million in year 2). Because of the increase in appraisal activates in year 2, more defects were caught inside the company before they were shipped to the customers. This resulted in more cost for scrap, rework, and so forth, but saved huge amounts in warranty repairs, warranty replacements, and external failure costs. Third, note that as a result of greater emphasis on prevention and appraisal, total quality cost decreased in year 2. As continued emphasis is placed on prevention and appraisal in future years, total quality cost should continue to decrease. That is, future increases in prevention and appraisal costs should be more than offset by decreases in failure costs. Moreover, appraisal costs should also decrease as more effort is placed into prevention. 5. 2 Uses of Quality Cost Information (Report): A quality cost report has several uses. First -Quality cost information helps managers see the financial significance of defects. Managers usually are not aware of the magnitude of their quality costs because these costs cut across departmental lines and are not normally tracked and accumulated by the cost system. Thus, when first presented with a quality cost report, managers often are surprised by the amount of cost attributable to poor quality. Second -Quality cost information helps managers identify the relative importance of the quality problems faced by the firm. For example, the quality cost report may show that scrap is a major quality problem or that the company is incurring huge warranty costs. With this information, managers have a better idea of where to focus efforts. Third- Quality cost information helps managers see whether their quality costs are poorly distributed. In general, quality costs should be distributed more toward prevention and appraisal activities and less toward failures. 5. 3 Limitations of Quality Cost Information (report): Three limitations of quality cost information should be recognized. Simply measuring and reporting quality costs does not solve quality problems. Problems can be solved by taking actions. Results usually lag behind quality improvement programs. Initially quality cost may even increase as quality control systems are designed and installed. Decrease in these costs may not begin to occur until the quality program has been in effect for a year or more. The most important quality costs lost sales arising from customers ill will, is usually omitted from the quality cost report because it is difficult to estimate. Chapter: 6 6. Total Quality Management (TQM) 6. 1 Total Quality Management The concept of  Total Quality Management  (TQM) refers to the implementation of a business plan that is based on a quality procedure that involves all employees. It means the continuous improvement of product and services which bears the following characteristics- It focuses on serving customers Systematic problem solving using team approach It improves productivity be encouraging the use of science in decision making It discourages the counter productive defensive behavior TQM provides tools and techniques for continuous improvement based on facts and analysis and if properly implemented it avoids counterproductive organizational infighting 6. 2 How to minimize Quality cost: One of the basic principles of quality is prevention and continual improvement. This means that quality is a never-ending project whose goal is to spot dysfunction as quickly as possible after it occurs. Thus, quality can be represented by a cycle of corrective and preventative actions called a Deming cycle: [pic] This cycle, represented in the Deming cycle, is called the  PDCA model. PDCA refers to the four following steps: Plan: define the goals to be reached and plan how to implement the actions Do: implement the corrective actions Check: verify that the set goals are achieved Act: depending on the results that occurred in the previous step, take preventative measures. By in this way we can minimize quality cost. Chapter: 7 7. Conclusion . 1 Conclusion: After considering every information and analysis we can come to this conclusion that the every renowned company concern about the quality cost. Because this is very crucial factor to work and more concern about how the quality cost can be minimized and continuing improvement. And the world economy says t hat if we can not provide good quality product here we can’t survive in the present market. For that reason every single matter should be consider to maintain and to provide better quality service by low cost high quality service. Bibliography: Managerial Accounting by Garrison/Noreen/Brewer www. wikipidia. com www. pqa. et/ProdServices/Qtools/COQ. htm www. download-free-pdf. com/cost-of-quality-wikipedia. pdf APPENDIX: Deming cycle: PDCA (plan-do-check-act) is an iterative four-step problem-solving process typically used in business process improvement. It is also known as the Deming circle, Shewart cycle, Deming cycle, Deming wheel, or plan-do-study-act. PDCA was made popular by Dr. W. Edwards Deming, who is considered by many to be the father of modern quality control; however it was always referred to by him as the Shewart cycle. Later in Demings career, he modified PDCA to Plan, Do, Study, Act (PDSA) so as to better describe his recommendations.

The structure of keratin and collagen and show how their structures are suited to their biological functions Essay Example

The structure of keratin and collagen and show how their structures are suited to their biological functions Essay Example The structure of keratin and collagen and show how their structures are suited to their biological functions Paper The structure of keratin and collagen and show how their structures are suited to their biological functions Paper Keratin and collagen are very vital within the bodys structure; both are very similar in nature, being that they derive from amino acids, which make up their respective proteins. They both fall under a group of particular proteins known as scleroproteins or fibrous in nature. Majority of their structure consist of left-handed helix structures1. Scleroproteins make up one of the two major protein categories, the other being globular. Keratin and collagen each represent one of the three subclasses within scleroproteins. As scleroproteins their jobs are to provide support and protection for the body. They are adapt for this because of their complex structure of repeating polypeptide chains which strengthen as the bind together; this and their insolubility are vital in maintaining the anatomy of the body. Whilst being similar in some ways, collagen and keratin remain different in their specific functions and role. As mentioned above keratin is one of the three scleroproteins. It is an extremely strong, insoluble tertiary protein; it is the main constituent in the structures of various parts in the body. These include the skin, hair, nails, as well as horns and hooves in animals. The variety of body compounds that contain keratin show that it is a material that varies depending on function. In relation to skin, the amino acids, which make it up are arranged differently from any other form of keratin and make up the soft layer known as skin. It is present in all epithelial cells, those on the outer surface and on the inner surface such as the lining of the digestive tract. On the other end of things nails contain keratin, which are very hard. Other hard substances such as horns and hooves are formed by epithelial cells adapting to growing generous amounts of keratin and then dying as individual cells, leaving the keratin to form into these hard structures2. Where keratin is needed to be hard the arrangement of specific amino acids respond to the need to form a tough material. One of keratins important qualities is that it has the ability to flex and not tear of become destroyed. Keratin reinforces epithelial cells by helping to maintain their connections between cells. Cornification also known as keratinization is the foundation of how keratin in formed. The outer cells on the epidermis lose their function in this process, the cells organelles such as the nucleus and mitochondria disappear and metabolism ceases as the cells become replaced by keratin. This new layer is incapable of sensory perception and is classified as dead. Keratin covers the width of a cell enabling it to connect indirectly with other keratin in adjoining cell to form junctions called desmosomes2, this makes the outer most layer of non-porous, almost water proof. There are many types of keratin found in the body and in mammals, each type structured to suit its function. The most common form of keratin found in most parts of the body is alpha keratin3. They have long fibrous strands that super coil into alpha helixes, the folds and the short repeating units along the polypeptide chain are what make up their composition. The alpha helix is formed from an alpha keratin polypeptide, two of these twists around each other to form a coil. The hydrophobic strips on one helix associates itself with the other. This allows the side chains to interlock. The combination of the two coils is known as a dimmer. This is the basis of the protofilament of which 2 make up a protofibril. Four protofibrils make up a microfibril. The associations of many microfibrils form a macrofibril4. Hair for example consists of layers of dead cells that are packed with macrofibrils. The diagram below shows a general idea of how the higher order of alpha keratin is structured. A key feature of its structure is that is contains cysteine disulfide, this makes up for almost 24% of the amino acid structure5, it allows it to form disulphide bridges which forms a helix shape that is extremely strong. As the sulphur atoms bond covalently to each other across the helix, it forms a fibrous matrix, which is highly stable. High percentages of glycine and alanine aid to the formation of hydrogen bonds between amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent peptide bonds6. The disulphide bridges and hydrogen bonding cause insolubility in things like water. This structural feature is vital in mammals. The long filaments present in the structure provide support for the epithelial cells that contain keratin such as skin. It protects the body from damage by allowing other tissues to form around it and stabilize. Collagen is one of other types of scleroprotein, as with keratin it is an important part in majority of the bodys structures. It is the main component in connective tissue. It makes up for roughly 25% of the bodys protein7. Its strength and insolubility make it the most abundant protein in mammals. Being a connective protein it is seen in body tissues such as the skin, muscles, tendon and cartilage. There are about 25 different types of collagen that occur in the body. Collagen widely works with the other scleroproteins supporting the bodys tissues. It does this by providing support, firmness and strength. Collagen may be seen in different forms such as endomysium and fibrous tissue8, different types being made for different parts of the body such as the cornea, bone, blood vessels as well as the gut. It is able to withstand intense pulling and stretching. It makes up the major stress bearing parts of connective tissue4. One of the most important qualities of collagen is strength; it has the tensile strength of steel and is used to strengthen bone similarly to how metal rods reinforce concrete. It has been seen as a form of glue that hold the body together; with out it the human body would not be one complete structure. Collagen appears to be able to do this as a result of features within its structure. For a long period of time scientists have struggled to identify the exact structure of collagen, this is because of its unusual amino acid composition. Collagen has a super-coiled helical shape, it is long, stringy, strong, and resembles a rope. Its primary structure consists of a repeating sequence of glycine and two other amino acids, often proline and hydroxyproline; this forms its sturdy structure. These amino acids cause the chain not to gain the normal alpha- helix or beta- sheet structure; instead they form the long separate chains that allow the collagen triple helix to form9. A single strand of collagen is composed of three chains of polypeptides each being about 1000 amino acids long, the three strands are arranged parallel to each other and are wound up into a triple helix. The bundling of the fiber together and hydrogen bonding between the lengths of the polypeptide chain give it strength. The diagram below gives a general idea as to how a collagen fiber is shaped. Collagens tightly wound matrix of fibers in its structure is very vital in its function, being that majority of the body comprises of it, it need be very strong. For instance collagen is a major component of tendons, which connect muscles to bones, and ligaments, which connect bones to joints. The variance of collagen in these two parts is very little, but remain specialised for both areas. Both parts require strength and flexibility, things that are provided and adjusted from the compactions of the collagen fibers. As mentioned collagen varies in strength and flexibility depending on where its located and its function as connective tissue. Structural defects within the structures of vital proteins such as collagen and keratin can be responsible for major metabolic related diseases. Osteogenesis imperfecta also known as brittle bone disease is an example of one of these conditions that affect collagen. Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic disorder that causes extremely fragile bones. As a result people with the condition tend to have many fractures within a lifetime. It is an inherited disease; it is caused by mutations within the genes of type 1 collagen (the most prevalent collagen in the body). The deficiency stems from the substitution of the amino acid glycine, it should normally be at every third position for the triple helix to form properly, mutations that result in amino acids other than glycine in that position cause an issue within the collagen complex which produce unstable helices. The bodys lack of response to the dysfunctional collagen structure allows it to be hydrolyzed. When unstable helices form in the collagen associated with tendons and bones, such as Type I collagen, severely weak bone formation results10. There are 8 types of OI ranging form type I- VIII. The later being the worst case of it. The severity the condition depends on the specific gene defect. OI is typically hard to generalize as it varies from person to person, even when two people in the same family have the same form of it, the characteristics may be completely different. Symptoms of the condition vary; they may include blue sclera and early hearing loss. Milder forms of OI result in bowed arms and legs, scoliosis and kyphosis11. Currently there arent any cures for the condition. Treatment is directed toward preventing or controlling the symptoms, maximizing independent mobility, and developing optimal bone mass and muscle strength. Various forms of therapy are in place to reduce suffering for individuals with the condition. In extremely severe cases a surgical procedure called rodding is used. This involves inserting metal rods through the length of the long bones to strengthen them and prevent and/or correct deformities12. Research into various medication and other treatments are being explored, some include growth hormones, gene therapy and other multiple types of drugs.

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BUY PAPERS Essay writing is essential part of any educational program. There are different types of essays that are being required to be written by the students. One of the mostly used essay types is observation essay. There are two options to go about this assignment. One is writing the paper and doing your best, the other option is to give this assignment to professional writer and buy papers online. Observation essay outline requires clear description, main facts presentation and general rules overview.    Observation essay outline concentrates on description and maid facts. Important aspect of observation essay is actually fundamental style of writing. Do a few sketches before you start composing your original observation essay. Ensure that you purely stick to the basic standard for essay writing. Try and create a special atmosphere to be present at the moment. Write at present tense. Display as many details as possible using senses of smell, light, touch, sound and taste. Employ your skill to develop parallels and include comparisons. BUY PAPERS Whether you are attending college or university, essay and term paper writing is definitely the most important part of any educational process. There are different types of papers which are being required and recommended to be written by the students. Among the mostly used and wide spread writing forms is observation essay. There can be two alternatives to go about this assignment. The first option is writing the paper on your own and doing all of your best. And the other option would be giving this assignment to professional writer, buy papers through secure essay writing online system. Observation essay outline demands clear and simply clear description. The main facts representation and general rules overview must be written as well. Observation essay outline concentrates on written description and main facts. Important aspect of observation essay is actually the fundamental style of writing. Perform a few sketches before you start composing your actual observation essay writing. Make sure that you strictly stick to the basic standard for observation essay writing format. BUY PAPERS Another important type of writing that you probably know about is junior research paper. Being a type of academic writing, junior research paper gives description of the research results. If a student is interested in gaining experience in research competition, then a junior research paper is written. We have gathered a list of important and useful tips that are able to help you create a junior research paper today. If you need assistance with writing junior research paper, you can always consult our writers and buy papers online.   The cover page or the junior research paper shows research field and research title that are concise. Include a research thesis approval by the college or university board. Introduction will discuss the thesis statement, important parts of the research. You may also include several aspects of the research problem. Body paragraphs will include methods and procedures used while doing a research itself. Then present results or findings in logical manner. Also, use graphics and tables as a fact or an argument. Conclusion must not only show but interpret the presented materials. Restate the thesis statement or the hypothesis. Remind the findings and give full interpretation of the received results. Finish up with a cited literature including list of citations.

New Perspective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

New Perspective - Essay Example To be able to feel what they feel as they see that world as being one of them and not as an outsider poking in. I would also be in touch and be friends with those whom many consider as a â€Å"threat† and see how they perceive things. The only downside to it is that I will also share the prejudices against them and will run the danger of being ostracized. Having a different religion which allows multiple wives (up to four) might allow me to experience how it is to live in an extended family; with different wives or husbands with children or siblings with different mothers or fathers. If the extended family proves to be cohesive, that would be a very strong support system. The downside to it however is that the arrangement is prone to jealousy especially with the wives who has a common husband. And if the husband does not have much, it will really cause trouble on how to keep the multiple wives. If I choose to work in the Middle East or any Arab country, the adjustment would be easier on my part as I will be accepted by the host country as one of their own sharing the same kind of Faith. Although this would subject me to discrimination in non-Muslim country where prejudices against Muslims is strong. I would have the chance to befriend and be really close with peers from school who are Mohammedans. In turn, I will have the opportunity to learn what a typical student does; and see for myself if they are different from us. But this is with the risk that I will be viewed with skepticism for bonding with Muslims and might be accused of being a terrorist! Before the change, I have to admit that I share the prejudices against Muslims. Admittedly, I too view them with skepticism and a bit of fear and spite. But after undergoing the change and living their world, that perspective will change as I understand them more. That

Health promotion program Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Health promotion program - Coursework Example People with admitted with substance abuse problems are found to have waited for an average of 15.2 years to find assistance from the first time they got involved with the substance. The study of over 320,000 adults has shown that males fitting the above description took longer to find help. On average it took them 17.2 years. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration puts people in this category who have abused alcohol have 19.8 years as the number of years they have waited before seeking for treatment; on the other hand it took approximately 8 years for people who abused prescription painkillers to seek help. These figures indicate that substance abuse related problems can be undetected for a long time pausing a serious threat to the affected person’s health and to those around them. These justifies the reason for coming up with a health promotion program to prevent substance abuse prevalent in people falling within our description that will help identify the probl em soon enough, accord the patient necessary treatment so that the patient, the community and friends do not experience prolonged years of misery (Green & Kreuter, 1999). Over 3 $ 1.5 million teenagers between the ages of 12 and 17 abuse tobacco, this statistics represent 15% of teenagers of that age group. Of that age group, 13% or 3 million abuse cigarettes and most of them fall under this target population. In America half a million people are killed by tobacco. Tobacco kills more people than all other addictive drugs put together. In every occurrence of 6 deaths, one is related to tobacco abuse. Research studies done for over 25 years have related heavy smoking amongst teenagers to agoraphobia which is the fear of going outside. Panic attacks occur 15 times more often amongst teens who smoke. They also experience anxiety disorders and depression. The objective of this research is to reduce

Vice advertising - cont Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Vice advertising - cont - Essay Example This paper analyses the problems associated with unhealthy advertising to children and teens and proposes certain solutions to avoid it. Tobacco companies exploit the hero-worshipping attitudes of younger generation cleverly with the help of beautiful ads and children and teens become the victims of such misleading ads. Smoking often causes lung cancer, heart diseases, asthma, cough etc. Instead of revealing these health problems of smoking, tobacco companies in their advertisements describe smoking as a pleasant act which gives immense satisfaction and pleasure to the smoker. Majority of the tobacco companies have celebrities as their brand ambassador. For example, tobacco companies often utilize film stars for advertising their cigarettes. The mannerisms and the body languages of the film stars in the tobacco advertisements will encourage the hero-worshipping teen generation to imitate their heartthrobs blindly. Children and teens have the inherited trait to imitate others. They learn life lessons from parents, teachers and celebrities. They are not much aware of the consequences of smoking. Only thing they know is that their hero is smoking and therefore they can also smoke. Thank You for Smoking is a 2005 comedy film which portrays the efforts of a person to promote cigarettes using heavy spin tactics while also trying to remain a role model in front of his child (Thank You for Smoking). People usually demonstrate many faces in their social, personal, family and professional lives. A loyal husband in personal life need not be the same in his social life. Same way, a good parent in family life need not be the same in his professional life. People usually forced to do many things even though they are not much interested in it. Circumstances force people to engage in unpleasant behaviors. For example, even nonsmoking film stars forced to act like a smoker in many films. This is because

Systems Feedback Loops for Deckers Outdoor Corporation Research Paper

Systems Feedback Loops for Deckers Outdoor Corporation - Research Paper Example   The two categories of feedback loops utilized at DOC are the balancing loops together with the reinforcing loops. Sources consider such loops as significant constituents of the thinking of Deckers outdoor corporation. Concisely, systems thinking to refer to ways in which different elements present in an organization interact with each other, therefore, culminating in their growth, or fall. The literature describes systems thinking as people, different structures, as well as inherent processes essential for the overall prosperity of an organization. The two of the roles identified in DOC execute various, divergent functions. For instance, balancing loops are endowed with the conscientiousness of enhancing an organization’s stability. Alternatively, a reinforcing loop performs the role of controlling the pace of growth of an organization (Burgoyne, Araujo & Easterby-Smith, 2000). At DOC, a suitable example of a reinforcing loop is notable after an appraisal of an employeeâ⠂¬â„¢s performance and the support they obtain from the management. It is notable that employees who have demonstrated excellence in their performances tend to acquire incalculable support from the management. The management directs such individuals by the provision of bonuses, additional training for skills development, as well as allocation of better assignments. As a result, the performance of such individuals continues to improve, and the company notes an addition of its profits. This is among the reasons for the sustained expansion of DOC to diverse locales. In a different scenario, the workforces’ performance may progressively slow down. Simultaneously, the management is unable to offer the much-needed support thus the decline. In such a case, the reinforcement loop applies. In the largest percentage of companies, the reinforcing loop cannot drive an organization towards attaining its stability, therefore, the necessity of looking into a different category known as the balancing loops (Burgoyne, Araujo & Easterby-Smith, 2000). The balancing loops As opposed to reinforcing loops that focus on the growth or decline of an organization, this loop aims at attaining a stated steady state, or an objective. An apt action is unavoidable when trying to move from a current state to the designated desired state. The DOC has enacted various strategies for purposes of devising apt techniques for enhancing its growth to other geographical locations across the globe. Therefore, it resorts into incorporating some balancing loops to aid in achieving its stated goals. At DOC, instances of this class of loops are numerous (Burgoyne, Araujo & Easterby-Smith, 2000). This is because DOC has many plans for bringing new products to the market, therefore, creating a balancing loop. The interaction occurring between the two states results into formation of the gap.  Ã‚  

Insolvency law in United Kingdom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Insolvency law in United Kingdom - Essay Example It should be noted that the international assistance for which provision is made by section 426(4) is limited not only in terms of the foreign countries from which requests for such assistance can be entertained, but also in terms of the authorities by which it may be requested and provided. The only form of assistance that can be obtained is on a 'court-to-court' basis: it is not open to an office holder appointed in foreign insolvency proceedings to make a direct, personal request for assistance to an English court, nor to any other person or authority, under the auspices of this statutory provision. Moreover, the ambit of the power to give assistance is narrowed still further, since it is expressed to be exercisable by 'the courts having jurisdiction in relation to insolvency law in any part of the United Kingdom', in response to requests for assistance submitted by 'the courts having the corresponding jurisdiction' in a country or territory which has been designated for this spec ific purpose. It is therefore necessary to determine which courts are qualified to participate in the process, a question whose resolution is partly dependent on the arrangements in force, in the United Kingdom and in the other country concerned, for the allocation of jurisdiction in relation to insolvency law. ... In most cases it is likely that a request for assistance will be addressed to the High Court, as the court endowed with a comprehensive jurisdiction covering both individual and corporate insolvency. However, it should be noted that where the debtor has a residential address, or carries on business, within a County Court insolvency district outside the London Insolvency District or (in the case of a company) has its registered office in such a district outside London, the County Court in question has a jurisdiction concurrent, and also co-extensive, with that of the High Court. In terms of speed, and also cost, there may sometimes be advantages in addressing a request for assistance to the appropriate County Court. (V. Markham Lester, 1995) A literal reading of subsection (4), taken in isolation, might therefore yield the conclusion that the English court has an unconditional duty to provide assistance to courts which meet the stated criteria rendering them eligible to request it. Such a conclusion would be premature however, because subsection (4) itself supplies no indication as to the nature of the assistance which the courts are required to provide. For this, it is necessary to refer to subsection (5), whose full provisions are as follows: For the purposes of subsection (4) a request made to a court in any part of the United Kingdom by a court in any other part of the United Kingdom or a relevant country or territory is authority for the court to which the request is made to apply, in relation to any matters specified in the request, the insolvency law which is applicable by either court in relation to comparable matters falling within its jurisdiction. In exercising its discretion under

Systems Feedback Loops for Deckers Outdoor Corporation Research Paper

Systems Feedback Loops for Deckers Outdoor Corporation - Research Paper Example   The two categories of feedback loops utilized at DOC are the balancing loops together with the reinforcing loops. Sources consider such loops as significant constituents of the thinking of Deckers outdoor corporation. Concisely, systems thinking to refer to ways in which different elements present in an organization interact with each other, therefore, culminating in their growth, or fall. The literature describes systems thinking as people, different structures, as well as inherent processes essential for the overall prosperity of an organization. The two of the roles identified in DOC execute various, divergent functions. For instance, balancing loops are endowed with the conscientiousness of enhancing an organization’s stability. Alternatively, a reinforcing loop performs the role of controlling the pace of growth of an organization (Burgoyne, Araujo & Easterby-Smith, 2000). At DOC, a suitable example of a reinforcing loop is notable after an appraisal of an employeeâ⠂¬â„¢s performance and the support they obtain from the management. It is notable that employees who have demonstrated excellence in their performances tend to acquire incalculable support from the management. The management directs such individuals by the provision of bonuses, additional training for skills development, as well as allocation of better assignments. As a result, the performance of such individuals continues to improve, and the company notes an addition of its profits. This is among the reasons for the sustained expansion of DOC to diverse locales. In a different scenario, the workforces’ performance may progressively slow down. Simultaneously, the management is unable to offer the much-needed support thus the decline. In such a case, the reinforcement loop applies. In the largest percentage of companies, the reinforcing loop cannot drive an organization towards attaining its stability, therefore, the necessity of looking into a different category known as the balancing loops (Burgoyne, Araujo & Easterby-Smith, 2000). The balancing loops As opposed to reinforcing loops that focus on the growth or decline of an organization, this loop aims at attaining a stated steady state, or an objective. An apt action is unavoidable when trying to move from a current state to the designated desired state. The DOC has enacted various strategies for purposes of devising apt techniques for enhancing its growth to other geographical locations across the globe. Therefore, it resorts into incorporating some balancing loops to aid in achieving its stated goals. At DOC, instances of this class of loops are numerous (Burgoyne, Araujo & Easterby-Smith, 2000). This is because DOC has many plans for bringing new products to the market, therefore, creating a balancing loop. The interaction occurring between the two states results into formation of the gap.  Ã‚  

Satan and Dr. Faustus, overreachers in their own different ways Term Paper

Satan and Dr. Faustus, overreachers in their own different ways - Term Paper Example In Paradise Lost, it is seen that Satan had to exercise his own will, and this was in contrary to the will of God, â€Å"thou against his thy will/ chose freely† (Eliot, 8). All creatures of God who fall in Paradise Lost are â€Å"sufficient to have stood, though free to fall (Fluchereand Henri, 32). Festus  a man, who is brilliant, tends to have reached the natural knowledge limits. He is an early sixteenth century scholar in Wittenburg, the German city (Gregg, 5). He is fiery, arrogant and has a thirst for knowledge. Faustus as an intellectual, who is familiar with issues such as demon astrology and summoning that is usually not taken to be an academic subjects by the current universities. It is seen that Faustus makes a decision of selling his soul to the devil in exchange for knowledge and earthly power as well as 24 years as an additional life (Sachs and Ariel, 31). He goes on to waste his time on low tricks and self-indulgence. Faustus is seen to be the key character in the play, which consists of few characters that are seen to be truly developed. From the Hebrew, destroyer, mephitz and liar, tophel, Cunning and Craft devil. He is the devil who appears at the summoning of Faustus', as well as the devil that has the role of serving Faustus for a period of 24 years. In Mephostophilis, also referred to as Miphostophiles or Mephistopheles, as well as Mephisto, tends to be a latecomer in the recognized demons’ hierarchy. He was created possibly for the legend, Faustus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the play of Marlowe, Mephostophilis is seen to have layers to his own personality. He broadly admits that ‘‘separation from God is anguish,’’ and is capable of pain and fear. But he is known to be a gleefully evil, who participates at every level in the destruction Faustus. Not only does Mephostophilis influence Faustus to go on to sell his soul; but he as well encourages him to waste his 24 years of power. It is also seen that the Servant to Faustus steals the books of Faustus and learns how he can summon demons. He tends to be concerned about the fate of his master at the end of the play. Inner turmoil of Faustus suggests contradicting advice to him at major points. Their characters as well reflect the belief of Christian that humans have been assigned guardian angels, and in this context, the devil has the capacity of influencing the human thoughts. Satan. "Lucifer" original known as Venus, refers to the brilliance of the planet. In Christian context, Lucifer is sometimes believed to be another name of Satan. Some traditions believe that Lucifer was the name of Satan before the fall, while the Catholic Church Fathers held that Lucifer was not the proper name of Satan but instead a word indicating a the beauty and brilliance of his station before the fall. He appears at a few choice moments in Doctor Faustus, and Marlowe uses "Lucifer" as Satan's proper name (Weil, Judith and Marlowe, 14). Satan broadly admi ts that God created him, and he was seen denying this at other occasions, and he never rebelled due to God was unjust, but because his ambition caused him to desire to overreach his place. More so, he is seen to admit that he was at will in choosing that his pride forbids him to repent. Furthermore, if he might repent, later his ambition might again result to a rebellion as well as

Love in Pride and Prejudice Essay Example for Free

Love in Pride and Prejudice Essay Marriage in England in the nineteenth century is much different than it is in today’s world. Almost everyone wants to marry for love and happiness. During this period of time, beautiful women would marry a man because he is rich or the opposite. A nice looking man would marry a woman because she comes from wealth. Love is left out of these marriages. Some thought they would soon develop love along the years. Mrs. Bennet’s main priority throughout the book was to make sure here five daughters were married to a rich suitor. Money was the main concerns for her not love. Her marriage was based on the principle of monetary gain. She thought her daughters would not be able to survive if they remained unmarried. For any woman of her time marriage on any terms was often the only getaway from a miserable life of poverty. Elizabeth did not want to marry for money. She wanted to marry for love. She turned her first proposal down from Mr. Collins because she had no feelings for him. Elizabeth shows a lot of pride throughout the book. Even though her family was not of upper class, she still held her head high with pride. She is a middle class woman who wants to be treated the same by every one no matter who it is. She believes herself to be good enough for any man. When she first meets Mr. Darcy, she says that he is very attractive. Prejudice blinds her and leads to false opinions of Mr. Darcy. She overhears him say, â€Å"She is tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me. † Darcy is very blinded by his inferior standards. Jane Bennet and Mr. Bingley are happy when they are together. Mrs. Bennet was so sure they would marry within months. They were so shocked to hear that he had left town so suddenly. Mr. Darcy breaks them up before their relationship could get as far as marriage. He didn’t honestly believe that Jane was truly in love with his good friend Mr. Bingley. Elizabeth believes that he did this because of his prejudice for the lower class. Mr. Darcy believed that Jane was only after his money. Jane is very broken up over Mr. Bingley leaving town. They both loved one another. Mr. Darcy later writes a letter to Elizabeth, explaining the real reason why he broke them up. After reading his letter, she begins to understand the pride that Mr. Darcy has for himself. This is where she begins to have feelings for him. Her youngest sister Lydia runs away and marries Mr. Wickham. Soon Jane and Mr. Bingley reunite and he proposes to her. Elizabeth finds out that Mr. Darcy had bribed Mr. Wickham to marry her sister. She soon realizes Mr. Darcy isn’t a bad person after all. He is a great person and a romantic at heart. After his second proposal to Elizabeth she agrees to marry him, not for money but for love. Happiness does not come from a marriage based on money.

Research Methods Theories and Concepts

Research Methods Theories and Concepts Understanding of the research methodology 4.1 Introduction This chapter presents the reader clearly understanding of the research methodology and relevant research approaches determining the way through this research was conducted. In accordance with the main objective of research, Kothari (2005) states that research should help the reader to discover the truth that is hidden through the application of scientific procedures. Methodology produces the outcomes of any studies and it is important to choose appropriate way to conduct the research methods in effective way in order to meet researchers aims and objectives of the research. Research methodology followed in this dissertation presents topics on different forms of research which are used in order to find an appropriate approach and method in this study. The researcher outlined aims and objectives of thesis in Chapter 1 therefore the purpose of this chapter is to: introduce research philosophy in relation to adopted approach in this study discuss research strategy expounded in current study, including the research methodology conducted present the instruments of research method which were developed and utilized in the achievement of researcher goals explain why the specific methods were adopted and constrains in relation with data collection considering the limitation to the presented research Further, the chapter discusses the issues followed as: research philosophy, research approaches, research design, data collection method, data analysis, reliability and limitation of the research. 4.2 Research philosophy According to Proctor ( 2005 ) , the academic research should be developed in a philosophical way. Differently speaking, the research should be followed with method of study elaborated to better explain and facilitate the analysis of subject. Looking at this context, the philosophical approach gives framework of the research according to its configuration, necessary evidence, gathering the data and the way of its interpretation to provide the right answers to the research questions. The research starts with its first step which is definition of the philosophical method of research that ought to be examine. There are several different approaches of research philosophy, such as the positivism, phenomenology and realism. ( Saunders et. al., 2003 ). Each approach sets hypothesis and various methodological implication according with its position and the brief description of the characteristics of each research philosophy will be interpreted below. Positivism According to Currie ( 2003), the positivist approach means development of general rules and principles using the different systematic techniques of scientific method. The positivist approach begins with dilemma, idea or observation as it is the first step associated with this philosophy. Following this way of approach, the researcher analyzes the fact and objectives of the study in order to create the logic way of thinking to explain subject of the study. In the view of Newman (2005 ) this approach is based on quantitative investigation. Prediction of prospective behavior is used in the positivist approach by generating general laws from the standpoint of objective truth.( Fisher, 2004). Based on researchers belief on accurate and value free data , this approach determines human beings and their action to be studied as objectively as the part of natural world. Phenomenology Phenomenology is also called non-positivist , intrepretivist , naturalistic approach. The followers of this approach contend the observation of phenomenon should be key of obtaining the comprehensive explanation and description of the problem. Through the subjective interpretation reality can be fully analyzed .Approach present that the objective truth is less important because the reality is socially created, hence it holds subjective truth. The key element of the non positivist philosophy is the study of the natural environment followed with affects on those phenomena. Scientists believe the reality is relative part to various variable such as situation, time , location, culture, value of society, etc. Thus researchers of this approach go further to realize how things occur in reality and how people react on its occurrence rather than to generalize things based on standards laws. ( Fisher, 2004) Realism Realism research philosophy lies on philosophical views of positivism and it is based on the statement that the objective reality exists and it is independent part of human beings beliefs and behavior. Realism also states that humans are not considered as objects in the studies of natural science, but social influence is taken into account. Further, realism gives mains importance to those social influences in order to better understand the way of peoples behavior and thinking and their awareness of these social forces. ( Saundres et al., 2003 ) Based on the three different type of research philosophies, this research followed phenomenology approach with the objectives of research project . Developed on this approach, researcher was able to define the nature of the problem being investigated and to get the better understanding of the environment within the problem occurred. Usage of phenomenology approach provided a comprehensive description of the main aim of the research referring to the importance of risk management in todays business world. 4.3 Research Approach According to Saunders et al. there are two main research approach conducted by business research known as deductive and inductive scientific methods of reasoning. The deductive approach means testing theories on effective way where researcher is able to develop a theory or hypothesis creating strategy for testing the theory. In the view of Saunders (2005) it is appropriate scientific research method for the organization so called top down method. There are three steps when conducting research based on deductive forms of reasoning: Firstly, researcher states the hypothesis examined with theory or research literature. Secondly, collecting data in order to researcher test the hypothesis. The final step leads to building the right decision when researcher is accepting or rejecting the hypothesis based on conclusion. In contrast, the inductive method , well known as bottom up scientific method suitable when researchers aim is to generate theories and hypothesis in order to understand why something happens in reality. Inductive approach of reasoning is usually basic way for building the theories, when researcher by collecting data scientific way to develop theory as a result of data analysis. The inductive method involves three steps in its process referring to researchers ability to observe the environment , find a pattern for observed element and provide generalization about final result of analysis. In reality the two approaches are not mutually exposed, but have joint participation in business studies (Seddighi, 2000 ). Nevertheless, the important fact about those two scientific methods lies on statement that its presence in research depends on research question and research objectives. The inductive and deductive methods are demonstrated in figure below : Therefore, the deductive approach was adopted to create a path for this particular research. This method of research was used to test theory based on hypothesis moving from specific to general. Usage of this approach enabled researcher to contribute to the successful achievement of the objectives of this project. Implementing this method researcher was able to understand the company and its risk management techniques in the specific environment related to the topic and evaluate the strategies used by the Societe Generale Bank to maintain the same. 4.4 Research Design The research design is used to address the research questions which were taken into consideration in this study. The research design appears from questions directly determining the main objectives being examined in this thesis. These questions are results from the gaps between theory based on literature review presented in Chapter 2 and analyzing and findings of primary data based in the following Chapter 5. Yin (2003) states that research design is dependent element for research project helping the researcher to decide what questions to study, which information are relevant to the current case study, how to collect data and to do analysis of presented findings. In the view of Saunders et al. ( 2003 ), there are three various types of research design followed as : (1) Exploratory, (2) Descriptive and (3) Explanatory. The description of each will be summarized below. Exploratory Exploratory research is constructed to answer what questions, according to Yin (2003), and in many cases includes new studies which can be result of the appearance of new phenomena or insufficient knowledge on the subject of any study. This approach is also recommended to approve researchers objectives by gaining new insights about specific issue which fit well and present a good match to this research. Saunders et. al (2003) states usage of this approach especially for understanding the problem expressing the main steps to conduct an exploratory research : searching and studying the literature and talking to experts in the subject through interviews. This concept is characterized as flexible and adaptable to daily changes as result of new information upcoming or new hypothesis appearing. Descriptive Concept of this research implies design addressed to reveal validate profile of persons, events or situations. Descriptive concept tends to answer on questions such as who, where , how many; how much. However, what question can be included in situation if the research wants to have u clue about the details of some specific topic or issue. Descriptive research is also well known as archival research because of the use of arcival records. ( Yin, 2003 ). The concept is useful and crucial when the researcher achievement focuses on details and descriptrion of ohenomena or when it should show prediction about specific findings. Unlike exploratory approach which is based on qualitative research, descriptive concept implies qualitative way of analysis using archival records, questionnaire, secondary data, etc.(Saunders et. al., 2003 ). Explanatory Explanatory research is known as casual research and is conducted for answering the how and why questions. A casual study is focused on finding casual relationships between variables. This concept of approach use qualitative way of research such as case studies, histories, experiments aiming to describe relationships expressing the cause and effect of particular incident. Explanatory research design allows using qualitative approach to answer on question how and why depends on sources of relationship between cause and effect. In that way, operational links required implication of secondary data, statistics. ( Yin, 2003; Saunders et. al. 2003). According to Saunders et. al. (2003), exploratory research design is the most suitable and useful for new studies giving the significant contribution for understanding of the findings of the main subject. Therefore , this research is of an exploratory nature and the exploratory research was developed in order to define the nature of risk management and explain and clarify the understanding of usage and effectiveness of risk management in Societe Generale Bank. The researcher of the presented issue wanted to compare and contrast the findings with the theory expressed in literature review and was able to give the suggestion and recommendation to the company or other companies in the same work filed and future prospective through exploratory research design which is briefly presented in Chapter 6. 4.5 Data collection Method One of the most important element in research project is data collection method. This method means good preparation and organization of collecting data in order to researcher not have a problem to face too much information collected, which can become a major obstacle rather than help in the project researched. Very often, there is much information available that can be a barrier to sort and evaluate real and important information and to assess their usefulness It is necessary to understand different approaches and methods for collecting data and that have great importance in preparing research and organizing data collection in a systematic way. ( Lancaster, 2005 ) According to Saunders et. al. ( 2003 ), there are various forms of information which can be distinguished in two main group as secondary data and primary data. Secondary data Lancaster states (2005) that the secondary data are second hand data which already are presented and collected by other researchers for the purpose of previous researches and giving hypothesis on other issues. It summarized raw data and published data including internal records and external records within the organization. Those secondary data can provide wide range of sales and marketing data, production data, financial data, personnel, transcripts of speeches, administrative and public record data followed by external record such as newspapers articles, journals, internet, official statistics, etc. Secondary data have qualitative and quantitative nature and its utilization is visible in both descriptive and explanatory research. According to Saunders et. al. ( 2003 ), the advantages of secondary data leads to saving both money and time, having fewer resource requirements for specific issue, creating easier way for longitudinal studies, providing comparative and contextual data and may result in unforeseen discoveries of particular subject. On the other hand , disadvantages can be expressed through some of negative aspects of its collection. Sometimes its purpose does not match the goal of researcher and its access may be costly for commercial reasons. Thus, those data can lead to unsuitable definition for the required subject affecting the quality of data presented. Primary data Primary data refers to collection of data by researchers using the various methods and techniques such as interviews, questionnaires, observations, experiments in order to gather the most valuable data necessary for researchers project . The process of collecting primary data requires more time, effort and resources comparing with secondary data providing more relevant answers on the research questions. Looking at collecting data on primary way , there is distinguish between forms of data collected which can be categorized in two main groups: quantitative and qualitative data. (Saunders et. al. 2003) Quantitative data refers to number -organized data and can be expressed numerically giving the framework with numerical value. This approach is recommended during latter phases of research projects. Approach deals with questions such as how many, how large, what rate something. Using quantitative data tends to be more efficient, to test hypotheses, but may result in fewer contextual detail about particular topic. Quantitative process of collecting data is more objective and scientific process than qualitative process. (Lancaster, 2005) In contrast, the aim of qualitative data is to provide a complete, detailed description and this process is recommended during earlier phases of research work. Qualitative approach is more subjective and gathered information can not be numerically analyzed. Therefore, those data has usage and utilization in investigation about peoples opinion, attitude, fears and hopes which can not be part of quantitative analysis. Qualitative data results in more rich relevance in term of time consuming, and less probability to be generalized. In this project, data were collecting based on qualitative interviews with the managers of Societe Generale Bank in Serbia , because the researcher wanted to deeply explore the effectiveness of risk management in banking sector and its implementation in todays banking environment in branch of Societe Generale Group in Serbia from the point of view of respectable managers in the Bank. Through interview with the managers who work for the company, the researcher achieved goals which has already mentioned in Chapter 1 providing aims and objectives of the current research. Although, observation would be dependent part of this research and would help to discover how risk management department works by its employees, time constraint was the main reason why research couldnt spent more time in Serbia, observing the bank risk activities, because the company of case study is located in Serbia. Therefore, researcher used well organized interviews as the most appropriate way to collect valuable d ata according to the already mentioned limited circumstances. According to Lancaster (2005), interviews are defined as a main category of data collection techniques and appropriate way for collecting data through questioning effectively. This technique is crucial for getting the background of participants experiences. This method is adopted when researcher tends to fully understand the impressions, attitudes, feelings, motivations or experiences of someone to gain more knowledge through their answers on questionnaires. There are several types of interview used in research project to collect data divided in three categories: structured interviews, semi-structured interviews and unstructured interviews. Structured interviews means using specific questionnaires and this research method is usually used for quantitative surveys. The structured interviews involve the interviewer inability to change the structure of question by adding or removing some of its sequence. Conducted in formal way, respondents responses are recorded on a questionnaire standardized form during the interview process. As a result, the analysis of the structured interviews have quantitative nature. Semi-structured interviews is research instrument used to provide greater volume for discussion and knowledge about the problem, opinion and respondets view of particular subject. This approach is flexible in terms of changing some questions during the interviews process giving the researcher freedom to ask slightly similar question in order to cover list of already prepared themes. The questions can vary from one interview to another following the path of discussion with respondent. Thus the collected data can summarize both qualitative and quantitative information and have impact in exploratory study. Unstructured interviews are also called in-depth interviews. The unstructured interviews are conducted in informal manner as preliminary step in research in order to interviewer generates hypothesis about the nature of subject being investigated. Adopting this research instrument interviewer is aware of ability to gather the data necessary for research topic, matters and responses in some depth. Those interviews are guided by predefined list of thesis and they are not controlled by specific questions. The main purpose of choosing in-depth interviews lies in interviewers need to find out what people think and way how they react to issues. The respondent is encouraged to reveal and to talk about everything that he/she thinks on issues of interest to the researcher. The interviewer is taking note (or tape-recording) for all highlights that would greatly contribute to the research Following the phenomenology approach and exploratory research design, the researcher decided to use semi-structured interviews with managers of Societe Generale Bank in Serbia as a method to collect qualitative data about risk management in Societe Generale Bank and its implication in bank activities as well as the result it is achieved. This method is used by research in order to reader meet expansive response from the interviewees, but at the same time to provide comparation between theory and practice considering risk management in banking sector as issues. Also this method is less formal choice and better way to catch the point of view of the managers by getting inside information in relation to the research topic. In addition, secondary data such as company records about financial report of previous year, press release with relevance to the topic was collected for consideration as well. Policies of the company for the internal and external control of risk were analyzed keeping the management of Societe Generale as the focus of research. 4.6 Interview guide As it was mentioned in the previous paragraph, the research was conducted by interviewing managers of Societe Generale Bank in Serbia in order to analyze the way they implemented risk management techniques within bank activities in credit department as well as to explore the achievement gained from applying this. Therefore, this section will provide the framework used by researcher to design the interview. According to Fisher (2004), the first step in designing the interview is to identify the main point of question and priorities them. This way of conducting the interview helps researcher to organize the question regarding to its importance to the research topic. It is important to make hierarchy from more important to less important questions which can be dismissed in terms of having insufficient time. Therefore, the researcher presented question summarized them in several topics as follows: Brief background of Bank Risk management concept The main purpose of undertaking an analysis of risk Techniques and methods of Societe Generale Bank in Serbia adopted in risk credit mitigation Effectiveness of credit risk management in Societe Generale Bank in todays economic climate Measurement credit risk Implementation and importance of Basel II accord in banking sector To accomplish the objectives, researcher realized the interviews with the managers on the topic given above. The researcher collected information regarding to risk management in credit department and the effectiveness of undertaking risk management analysis in the Bank. The analysis of the questions was realized from a set of interviews with the managers of the Societe Generale Bank and was conducted through the series of meeting. In each meeting a different subject concerning the credit risk management was verified. In total , five different meetings were completed discussing the risk management issue on the highlighted topic given in previous sequence. Having collected data from primary and secondary sources, the next stage was analysis of the records and the description of findings which will be presented in the following Chapter 5. 4.7 Data analysis The data collected in this research implied using the qualitative data and the researcher adopted three steps to analyze it. In the view of Saunders et. al. 2003, it is crucial to conduct data analysis in effective way in order to get response on the research question and achieve research objectives and aims. First step included analyzing the data , which was recorder by tape or taking a note during the interview process, by prioritizing the most valuable data for the discussed issues. After that, the researcher was able to unitize the data by implementing the quotation from the respondent which supported the key elements of the research topic. Final step the researcher used to analyze data though tables for the each categorized data giving the better understanding and impressionistic view of meaning the answers. Effective data analysis will enable reader to understand the way of using risk management techniques and tools in credit department of Societe Generale Bank in the main representative office in Serbia providing the logical conclusion on the research topic. Therefore, data analysis presented in the following Chapter will approach reader to critical, reflective and meaningful analysis between data and comprehensive research in order to be achieved the aims and objectives of this research. 4.8 Reliability and validity Reliability and validity are very important elements when researcher analyzes the data conducted through qualitative research. Consistency of the result is essential component when conducting the research topic. Marshall and Rossman (1999) quoted that qualitative data collected to accomplish aims and objectives of study are not open for any replication ( Saunders et al. 2003 ). Hence, qualitative researcher based on unstructured forms should reveal reality of the issue being investigated. Realibility and validity as part of data collecting are essential for analysis and creating key findings of study and reader will be able to meet trustworthy results of presented subject In this study, the researcher used the method of qualitative research in order to examine credit risk management and its applicability in todays economic climate. Leading its research to qualitative way, researcher was able to make comparison and contrast between literature and practice and give recommendation and suggestion for the subject examined. Thus , this study based on reliability and validity of qualitative data create a clear path for achieving researchers aims and objectives in very dynamic and complex way